![]() ![]() In addition, seismic derangement may cause landslides, leading to many victims around the world. Furthermore, landslides lead to seismic derangement. For instance, in April 2019, heavy rainfall had a significant effect on the whole of Iran, which caused far-reaching flooding and landslides 11. ![]() In other words, heavy rainfall causes flash floods that can lead to soil erosion and landslide events 10. Previous studies have shown that landslides and flash floods are natural hazards that are frequently triggered simultaneously due to heavy or prolonged rainfall on steep mountains 9. The interaction of these multi-hazards could be useful for further research in this field. Examples of areas where such multi-hazard evaluations have been performed include Greece (flooding depth, lateral erosion, earthquakes, and landslides) 4, the United States (weather and climate hazards) 5, Sikkim State, India (landslide and earthquake) 6, the Adriatic Sea (smothering and sealing, abrasion and extraction, underwater noise, sea surface temperature variation, and sea surface salinity variation) 7, and Chile (weather-related hazards, including coastal flooding, fluvial flooding, water scarcity, heat stress, and wildfire) 8. These tools include multi-hazard maps created using machine learning tools that show the spatial distribution of the full spectrum of hazards in a region 2. Damage from natural disasters is increasing worldwide, providing an impetus to hazard researchers to develop new tools to reduce economic losses and injuries from future disasters. The concept of multi-hazards was introduced by the United Nations Environment Programme through its policies on sustainable development and its call for "comprehensive investigation of multi-hazards" to plan and manage residential areas prone to natural disasters 3. Many parts of the world are at risk from one or more natural hazards, and although many studies have focused on single hazards, there is a need for integrated assessments of multi-hazards for more efficient land management 2. The causes of natural hazards may be geological (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic eruptions, etc.) and climatic (e.g., floods, windstorms, droughts, and wildfires) 1. Hazard can be defined as a source of potential harm, a threat to natural environments, and human health. Approximately 41%, 40%, 28%, and 3% of the study area are at risk of forest fires, earthquakes, floods, and gully erosion, respectively. ![]() The random forest model had the highest predictive accuracy, with AUC values of 0.994, 0.982, and 0.885 for gully erosion, flooding, and forest fires, respectively. Area under the curve (AUC) plots, based on a validation dataset, were created for the maps generated using the three algorithms to compare the results. ![]() The mean decrease Gini (MDG) method was implemented to determine the relative importance of effective factors on the spatial occurrence of each of the four hazards. The earthquake hazard map was derived from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. We used three state-of-the-art machine learning techniques (boosted regression tree, random forest, and support vector machine) to produce a multi-hazard (MHR) map illustrating areas susceptible to flooding, gully erosion, forest fires, and earthquakes in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. ![]()
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